5:1 Paul has argued extensively that salvation comes only through faith (see note on Rom 3:22). He assumes that conclusion here, using it as the starting point to expound on the implications of being declared righteous by God. Faith Paul uses this word similarly to how it is used throughout the ot: to describe well-being, prosperity, safety from harm, and deliverance from enemies. This peace is more than just the absence of conflict; it is the result of having been declared righteous by faith (see Eph 2:14–17; Col 1:20). It also could refer to the believer’s subjective experience of peace with God. 5:2 Indicates not only a past event, but also a present reality made possible by the work of Christ on the cross. Refers to expressing trust in God to do what He promised. Paul uses a similar phrase to describe Abraham’s response of faith to God’s promise (Rom 4:20). Those who have faith like Abraham will not boast about their works (i.e., “good works” or “works of the law”); rather, they will boast in God’s power to provide despite human limitation and sinfulness. This stands in contrast to the idolaters (1:20–23). 5:3 Refers to suffering on account of persecution (e.g., 1 Thess 1:6; 2 Thess 1:4). Some believers may have worried that such afflictions were a sign of God’s wrath; however, Paul challenges them to view suffering as a way to build character. See note on Rom 8:18. In 8:35, Paul lists “afflictions” among the things that cannot separate Christians from Christ’s love. Compare 8:18–30 and note. 5:5 The Greek word used here, kataischynō, comes from the ancient Greek translation of the ot (the Septuagint), where it means “to suffer shame [when judged]” (e.g., Pss 22:5; Isa 28:16; Rom 9:33).
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